Colonization of Europe
- Nov 26, 2013
- 3 min read
Kozarnika (Bulgarian: Козарника, “the goat shed”) is a cave in northwestern Bulgaria that was used as a hunters’ shelter as early as the Lower Paleolithic (1,6 million BP). It marks an older route of early humans from Africa to Europe via the Balkans, prior to the currently suggested route across Gibraltar, and probably keeps the earliest evidence of human symbolic behaviour ever found. Here have been found the earliest European Gravette flint assemblages.
Kozarnika cave is located 6 km from the town of Belogradchik in northwestern Bulgaria, on the northern slopes of the Balkan mountain, close to the Lower Danubian plain. It is opened to the south, at 85 m above the valley. With its length of 210 m, the cave is among the small-sized in the Belogradchick karst region but studies in the last two decades uncovered 21 geological layers there, containing (moving upwards) archaeological complexes of Early Lower Paleolithic (layers 13 – 11a), Middle Paleolithic (layers 10b – 9a), Early Upper Paleolithic (layer 6/7), a sequence of an original Paleolithic bladelets industry with backed pieces that scholars called Kozarnikian (layers 5c – 3a), Early Neolithic, Late Copper age, Late Bronze Age, Medieval and Late medieval periods.
The Kozarnika cave project started in 1984. Since 1996 it has been headed by Dr. Prof. Nikolay Sirakov (Archaeological Institute and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Dr. Jean-Luc Guadelli (IPGQ-UMR5199 of French National Center for Scientific Research, Bordeaux-France).
In the ground layers, dated to 1,4-1,6 million BP (using palaeomagnetism, which determines age using past patterns of reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field and analyses of both the microfauna and the macrofauna) archaeologists have discovered a human molar tooth (considered to be the earliest human (Homo erectus/Homo ergaster) traces discovered in Europe outside Caucasian region), lower palaeolithic assemblages that belong to a core-and-flake non-Acheulian industry and incised bones that may be the earliest example of human symbolic behaviour.
The findings from Middle Paleolithic layers (East Balkan Levallois cores and side-scrapers as well as East Balkan Levallois and Le Moustier points, rather bifacial points, dating from 300 000 – 50 000 BP prove presence of hunters’ groups possibly of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Upper Paleolithic layers consist flint assemblages from the earliest European Gravette complex dating from 43 000 up to 39 000 B.P. belonging to Homo sapiens sapiens.
The Bacho Kiro cave (Bulgarian: пещера „Бачо Киро“) is situated 5 km west of the town Dryanovo, Bulgaria, only 300 m away from the Dryanovo Monastery. It is embedded in the exquisit canyons of the Andaka and Dryanovo River. The first tourists entered the cave in 1938, two years before it was actually called the Bacho Kiro cave after the Bulgarian National Revival enlightener Bacho Kiro. The cave is a four-storey labyrinth of galleries and corridors with a total length of 3,600 metres, 700 metres of which are maintained for tourists’ attraction.
The earliest human remains found in Bulgaria have been excavated here. The site is also one of the earliest known Aurignacian burials. With an approximate age of 46,000 years, the remains consist of a pair of fragmented human jaws, but it is disputed whether these early humans were in fact Homo sapiens or Neanderthals.
Peștera cu Oase, meaning “The Cave with Bones”) is a system of 12 karstic galleries and chambers located in southwestern Romania, where one of the oldest early modern human remains in Europe (37,800 years old) have been discovered.
Comments